Introduction of pali  languages

The pali is a languages which is used to speak and explain by lord Buddha and his laiy devotees in period of 3rd centaury BC Magadha provincial in India. its in a privious time or earliest time introduced and known as a prakrit languages but later its become a pali language also identified as a pali. 

There are some scholastic philosophier and their ideas about the pali language and how they are thinking about pali.

1. Max Walleser : Pali is derived from the term patali, and it was the language of patali city.
2. R C. Childer : Pali is of common used in ancient India, however, there are two or three dialect of Magadha the term pali bhasa or language of the Buddhist scripture.
3. H. Olderberg : Pali is a language taken in  srilanka from kalinga region, the birth place of pali is not in north of vindya mointain but in the south of it.
4. westergard & kuhn : Pali is the language of Ujjini because that is the living place of ven : Maha Mahinda and pali has some relationship to the Girnar Ashokan inscription in ujjini.
5. Mrs. C.A.E. Rhys David : She also agrees with westergard and kuhn in saying that pali is the language of Ujjini being similar to Girnar dialect of Ashokan prakrit.
6. C.H. Ejad Wickramasinha : This Srilankan scholar indentified pali as the production monk Mahavihara in Anurudhapura yet there cannot be a language without any relationship to other language.        

  THE PALI ALPHABET

The pali verse introducing "Akkharadayo Makharanta akhasathalissam" from begining of  a -m end are 41 letters. which can catagories as below

Vowels :- 8 letters 

Consonants: - 33 letters

The vowels are letters that can sound alone without any help of other

Vowels 8:   a      i   ´   u  è  e o

Short vowels: a    i      u  ( These letters always sound short)

Long vowels :       ´     è  e o (Thses letters always sound long) 

Long vowels e and o become short before double consonants 

Example :   ettha    seyyo   ottha   sotthi

Consonants (33)

Consonants are letters that cannot sound alone, they always sound with help of a vowels

"khadayo makharanta vagga", or "panca pancani vagga" here in the pali balavatarana book said from the K - M, end are group letters or five five are group letters. so there we can identfy the their deravation or borning place

Gutturals: k   kh   g   gh    º

Palatals : c   ch    j    jh     – 

Linguals: t        ¶   ¶h    ö

Dentals:  t    th    d   dh     n

Labials : p   ph   b   bh     m

Semi vowel: y    r     l      v

               S    h    Â      

Sibilant: S

Aspirate: h

Lingual:  Â 

Nasal   :   

     

(There are ftweenty five letters which of the following green highlight letters are group letters or last letter. also i want to teach you how to pronounce the pali letters because i knows that in the beginning we dont know how to pronounce and can't pronounce because of we have no experience about our following language before. so okay here you can understand how to pronounce and how derive . also you can see here only "k" and "kh" if we think about english its okay ,we called and pronounce just k,but in the pali there is big difference about the pronunciation we never called and pronounce just like as a English "k" but we called and pronounce it as a "ka" and "kha" because why, we have studied in the beginning lesson these letters are consonants which sound alone its sound with helping of the vowels. for example i ll show you in below

(Single word of consonant) (combine word)  (pronounce) 
     exp1: -       K============K+a =========== ka, (k) but should keep when we write, never use and write"ka" we are only pronounce ka.when we write, we just write "k"

exp2:-Kh===================Kh+aa============kha/(kh) same as before explanation 

• There are some specail letters which are sound in two places and their group of sound places

 Gutturals : a      k   kh   g   gh      º   h

Linguals   : i   ´   c   ch     j     jh         y

Palatals   : t    ¶   ¶h    ö    r        Â –

Dentals    : t  th  d   dh    n    1       S

Labial      :u  è    p  ph    b   bh      m 

  

 Guttural-Lingual : e

Guttural-Labial    : o

Dental-Labial       : v

        

             Usages of Grammartical 

• The Nouns (Namapada)

The nouns are person, place, Animal and things
1. Person :- kumara, kumari, bhalaka, Upasika, Sisccha, Acariya etc
2. Place :- Viharam, Bisvaviddhayalam, Pathasalam, Pasadam, khetta, Nagara etc
3.Animal:- Varha, Siha, Sunakha, Miga, Vanara, Assa, etc
4.Things :- Pusthakan, Patta, Bhatta,Aharam, vattha etc

• The Number of nouns ( Purisa namapada) 

1. Pathamapurisa ( Third Person) (so)/=he} ,(te)=/they}
2. Majjhimapurisa (Second Person) (tvam)=/thou}, (Tumhe)/ =you}
3. Uttamapurisa ( First Person) (Aham)/= i} , (Mayam)/ =we

   Example1:  The conjugation root is "hasa"=laugh in indicative Present Tense active voice      

                                               Singular                                  

Pathamapurisa (Third Person) {(so) hasati=he laugh}              

Majjhimapurisa (Second Person){(tvam) hasasi

Uttamapurisa  (First Person){(Aham) hasami=I laugh}
                                         Plural
 Pathamapurisa (Third Person){(te) hasanti=they laugh}
  Majjhimapurisa (Second Person) {(tumhe)hasatha=you laugh}
 Uttamapurisa  (First Person){(Mayam) hasama=we laugh

• Not only that ,you can conjugate any kind of verb and also suitable nouns too but usually we conjugate only the verb form. so i have given here some kind of verb forms you can try.

Exercise : 1. "Hare"= to carry. 2."Gacchati"= to goes 3. "khadati"= to eat 4. "Aharati"= to Bring 5. "Dadati"= to gives 6. "Dhavati"=to Run 7. "Kinati" = to buy 8. "Vikkinati"= to sale 9. "Nisidati"= to  sate 10. "Sayati"= to sleep.

Example2 : Past Tense conjugation root/base "Pala"=to protect, in indicate indefinite active voice
                                           Singular                                          
Pathamapurisa/Third Person) {(So),Palesi,Palayi}=thou protect,
Majjhimapurisa/Second Person) {(tvam),Palayo}=he protect,
Uttamapurisa/First Person) {(Aham),Palesin,palayin}= I protect,
                                   Plural  
Pathamapurisa/Third Person){ (te) Palesun,Palayun,Palayunsu}=they protect
Majjhimapurisa/Second Person){ (Tumhe) Palayittha}=you Protect
Uttamapurisa/First Person){(Mayam),Palayimha,palayimha}=we protect 

• Not only that ,you can conjugate any kind of verb and also suitable nouns too but usually we conjugate only the verb form. so i have given here some kind of past verb forms you can try.

Exercise :1. Gacchi=went 2. Ganhi=took 3. Dadi= gave 4. Khadi=ate 5. Hari=carried 6. Kari= did 7. Ahari= brought 8. dhavi=ran 9. kini=bought 10. sayi= slept